Region

Income
group

Population (millions)

22

1,817

588

Urban population (% of total)

55.9

33.9

76.6

GDP ($ billions)

72

1,693

2,838

GNP per capita, Atlas method ($)

3,670

990

4,870

Environmental strategy or action plan (year prepared)

1991

Agriculture

Land area (,000 sq. km)

329

15,968

21,777

Land use, permanent cropland (% of total land area)

17.6

2.6

1.3

Irrigated land (% of crop land)

4.5

36.9

12.5

Fertilizer consumption (100 grams/ha of arable land)

6,593

2,346

928

Food production index (1989-91=100)

123.2

154.8

122.8

Population density, rural (people per sq. km)

534

688

188

Forests

Forest area (,000 sq. km)

155

3,832

7,797

Forest area (% of total land area)

47.1

24.0

17.8

Annual deforestation rate (% change, 1990-95)

2.1

0.8

0.7

Biodiversity

Mammal species, total known

286

Mammal species, threatened

42

Bird species, total known

501

Bird species, threatened

34

Nationally protected area (% of land area)

4.5

6.9

5.7

Energy

GDP per unit of energy use (PPP $ per kg of oil equivalent)

4.0

...

...

Commercial energy use per capita (kg of oil equivalent)

2,237

942

1,926

Energy imports, net (% of commercial energy use)

-53

...

...

Electric power consumption per capita (kWh)

2,352

771

2,211

Share of electricity generated by coal (%)

5.3

59.3

24.7

Share of electricity generated by oil (%)

10.2

11.6

17.7

Emissions and pollution

CO₂ emissions per unit of GDP (kg per PPP $ of GDP)

Total CO₂ emissions, industrial (,000 kt)

CO₂ emissions per capita (mt)

Suspended particulate in capital city (microgr/m3)

85.0

...

...

Passenger cars (per ,000 people)

168

11

140

Water & Sanitation

Access to safe water (% of rural population)

89

84

...

Access to safe water in rural areas (% of rural population)

86

82

...

Access to safe water in urban areas (% of urban population)

100

89

...

Freshwater resources per capita (cubic meters)

21,046

...

...

Total freshwater withdrawal (% of total water resources)

2.1

Withdrawal for agriculture (% of total freshwater withdrawal)

76

80

73

Access to sanitation water in urban areas (% of urban population)

100

61

...

Access to sanitation water in rural areas (% of rural population)

89

13

...

Infant mortality rate (per ,000 live births)

8

35

26

National accounting aggregates

Gross domestic savings (% of GDP)

48.5

38.6

22.7

Consumption of fixed capital (%of GDP)

10.0

8.8

10.1

Net domestic savings (% of GDP)

38.5

29.8

12.6

Education expenditure (% of GDP)

4.0

2.4

4.3

Energy depletion (% of GDP)

3.0

1.4

3.2

Mineral depletion (% of GDP)

0.1

0.3

0.3

Net forest depletion (% of GDP)

1.7

0.6

0.0

CO₂ damage (% of GDP)

Gross domestic savings (% of GDP)

36.8

28.3

12.9