Region

Income
group

Population (millions)

1,239

1,817

3,536

Urban population (% of total)

38.8

33.9

30.5

GDP ($ billions)

959

1,693

1,881

GNP per capita, Atlas method ($)

750

990

520

Environmental strategy or action plan (year prepared)

1994

Agriculture

Land area (,000 sq. km)

9,326

15,968

41,383

Land use, permanent cropland (% of total land area)

1.2

2.6

1.4

Irrigated land (% of crop land)

38.3

36.9

30.3

Fertilizer consumption (100 grams/ha of arable land)

1,899

2,346

1,210

Food production index (1989-91=100)

157.1

154.8

140.8

Population density, rural (people per sq. km)

685

688

573

Forests

Forest area (,000 sq. km)

1,333

3,832

7,379

Forest area (% of total land area)

14.3

24.0

17.8

Annual deforestation rate (% change, 1990-95)

0.1

0.8

0.7

Biodiversity

Mammal species, total known

394

Mammal species, threatened

75

Bird species, total known

1,100

Bird species, threatened

90

Nationally protected area (% of land area)

6.4

6.9

5.9

Energy

GDP per unit of energy use (PPP $ per kg of oil equivalent)

3.3

...

...

Commercial energy use per capita (kg of oil equivalent)

907

942

646

Energy imports, net (% of commercial energy use)

1

...

...

Electric power consumption per capita (kWh)

714

771

448

Share of electricity generated by coal (%)

74.2

59.3

63.8

Share of electricity generated by oil (%)

7.2

11.6

8.8

Emissions and pollution

CO₂ emissions per unit of GDP (kg per PPP $ of GDP)

Total CO₂ emissions, industrial (,000 kt)

CO₂ emissions per capita (mt)

Suspended particulate in capital city (microgr/m3)

377.0

...

...

Passenger cars (per ,000 people)

3

11

5

Water & Sanitation

Access to safe water (% of rural population)

90

84

...

Access to safe water in rural areas (% of rural population)

89

82

...

Access to safe water in urban areas (% of urban population)

93

89

...

Freshwater resources per capita (cubic meters)

2,285

...

4,330

Total freshwater withdrawal (% of total water resources)

18.6

Withdrawal for agriculture (% of total freshwater withdrawal)

77

80

87

Access to sanitation water in urban areas (% of urban population)

58

61

56

Access to sanitation water in rural areas (% of rural population)

7

13

10

Infant mortality rate (per ,000 live births)

31

35

68

National accounting aggregates

Gross domestic savings (% of GDP)

42.6

38.6

31.1

Consumption of fixed capital (%of GDP)

8.1

8.8

8.1

Net domestic savings (% of GDP)

34.5

29.8

23.0

Education expenditure (% of GDP)

2.0

2.4

2.3

Energy depletion (% of GDP)

1.5

1.4

2.2

Mineral depletion (% of GDP)

0.3

0.3

0.4

Net forest depletion (% of GDP)

0.4

0.6

1.1

CO₂ damage (% of GDP)

Gross domestic savings (% of GDP)

32.0

28.3

20.0