Region

Income
group

Population (millions)

77

1,817

3,536

Urban population (% of total)

19.6

33.9

30.5

GDP ($ billions)

27

1,693

1,881

GNP per capita, Atlas method ($)

350

990

520

Environmental strategy or action plan (year prepared)

Agriculture

Land area (,000 sq. km)

325

15,968

41,383

Land use, permanent cropland (% of total land area)

4.7

2.6

1.4

Irrigated land (% of crop land)

31.9

36.9

30.3

Fertilizer consumption (100 grams/ha of arable land)

2,773

2,346

1,210

Food production index (1989-91=100)

147.3

154.8

140.8

Population density, rural (people per sq. km)

1071

688

573

Forests

Forest area (,000 sq. km)

91

3,832

7,379

Forest area (% of total land area)

28.0

24.0

17.8

Annual deforestation rate (% change, 1990-95)

1.4

0.8

0.7

Biodiversity

Mammal species, total known

213

Mammal species, threatened

38

Bird species, total known

535

Bird species, threatened

47

Nationally protected area (% of land area)

3.0

6.9

5.9

Energy

GDP per unit of energy use (PPP $ per kg of oil equivalent)

3.2

...

...

Commercial energy use per capita (kg of oil equivalent)

521

942

646

Energy imports, net (% of commercial energy use)

-11

...

...

Electric power consumption per capita (kWh)

203

771

448

Share of electricity generated by coal (%)

...

59.3

63.8

Share of electricity generated by oil (%)

10.7

11.6

8.8

Emissions and pollution

CO₂ emissions per unit of GDP (kg per PPP $ of GDP)

0.3

0.8

0.7

Total CO₂ emissions, industrial (,000 kt)

37.6

4,715.5

5,306.2

CO₂ emissions per capita (mt)

0.5

2.7

1.6

Suspended particulate in capital city (microgr/m3)

...

...

...

Passenger cars (per ,000 people)

...

11

5

Access to safe water (% of rural population)

36

84

...

Access to safe water in rural areas (% of rural population)

32

82

...

Access to safe water in urban areas (% of urban population)

53

89

...

Freshwater resources per capita (cubic meters)

11,647

...

4,330

Total freshwater withdrawal (% of total water resources)

6.1

Withdrawal for agriculture (% of total freshwater withdrawal)

86

80

87

Access to sanitation water in urban areas (% of urban population)

43

61

56

Access to sanitation water in rural areas (% of rural population)

15

13

10

Infant mortality rate (per ,000 live births)

34

35

68

National accounting aggregates

Gross domestic savings (% of GDP)

21.3

38.6

31.1

Consumption of fixed capital (%of GDP)

7.3

8.8

8.1

Net domestic savings (% of GDP)

13.9

29.8

23.0

Education expenditure (% of GDP)

2.2

2.4

2.3

Energy depletion (% of GDP)

2.2

1.4

2.2

Mineral depletion (% of GDP)

0.1

0.3

0.4

Net forest depletion (% of GDP)

2.7

0.6

1.1

CO₂ damage (% of GDP)

0.8

1.7

1.8

Gross domestic savings (% of GDP)

10.3

28.3

20.0